Resumo Este artigo é uma homenagem de representantes de quatro gerações de pesquisadores formados e orientados pelo Professor Wilson Cano (1937-2020). O texto percorre uma trajetória acadêmica que legou contribuições fundamentais à compreensão da questão regional e urbana no Brasil. Procura ressaltar os aspectos mais distintivos dos seus estudos, com base em uma concepção histórico-dinâmica e contraditória do desenvolvimento capitalista e dos rebatimentos regionais e urbanos decorrentes de tal processo. Sob a égide do método histórico-estrutural, identifica-se, em suas análises, o exame rigoroso da formação dos complexos regionais, dos movimentos de concentração e desconcentração espacial impulsionados pela industrialização e das determinações da questão fundiária para a urbanização. Ele buscou situar o debate regional e urbano no Brasil no contexto da necessidade de avançar um projeto nacional de desenvolvimento, sem o qual teriam prosseguimento a subjugação das regiões e cidades brasileiras aos determinantes do neoliberalismo e a perda de soberania da nação.

Abstract This article is a tribute by representatives from four generations of researchers, who were taught and supervised by Professor Wilson Cano (1937-2020). The text follows an academic trajectory that bequeathed a fundamental contribution towards the understanding of regional and urban issues in Brazil. The aim is to highlight the most distinctive aspects of his studies, based on a dynamic-historical and contradictory conception of capitalist development and the regional and urban repercussions that have resulted from such a process. Under the aegis of the historical-structural method, we identify, within his analyses, a rigorous investigation into the formation of regional complexes, of the movements of spatial concentration and deconcentration driven by industrialization, and of the determinations of the land issue for urbanization. He sought to situate the regional and urban debate within the context of the need to push forward a national development project, without which, the regions and cities of Brazil would become subjugated to the determinants of neoliberalism and to the loss of the nation’s sovereignty.

OBJECTIVE: To identify and quantify the socioeconomic determinants of schistosomiasis in the urban section of São Lourenço da Mata, a town in the Northeast of Brazil. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out in 1988 to measure the prevalence of schistosomiasis in São Lourenço da Mata among individuals aged 10-25 years and to estimate the socioeconomic characteristics of the households of those individuals. Household aggregation was tested. The data were analyzed on two levels, the family level and the individual level. On the family level we estimated the odds ratios for the association of schistosomiasis and socioeconomic variables related either to the head of the family or to the household. On the individual level we investigated if for the infected individuals there were differences in the intensity of infection (mean egg count) for the different levels of the socioeconomic variables. RESULTS: We found a significant degree of household aggregation of schistosomiasis (allowing for sex and area of residence (neighborhoods with similar socioeconomic conditions, according to census data)). In the analysis on the family level, better socioeconomic indicators for the place in the productive process (occupation, economic sector, and position in production of the head of the family, plus family income) and better socioeconomic indicators for patterns of consumption (level of education of the head of the family, type of housing, household possessions, water supply for the home, sanitation (that is, excreta collection), and family access to medical care) were all associated with a lower risk of schistosomiasis. The estimation of the probability of schistosomiasis for different levels of the socioeconomic variables showed a lower risk (0.072) for individuals whose households were at the top (best) levels of the indicators relative to the risk (0.715) for individuals whose households were at the baseline (lowest) levels of the indicators. Infected individuals whose families had better socioeconomic conditions had lower mean egg count values. CONCLUSIONS: Control measures that may have a long-term effect, such as improvements in the water supply and sanitation, should be strongly encouraged. The theoretical reduction that we found in the probability of being infected if water supply and sanitation were improved highlights the importance of these measures. Implementing them would have a more permanent effect on the control of schistosomiasis and would also result in other benefits to the population.

OBJETIVO: Identificar y cuantificar los factores socioeconómicos que determinan la esquistosomiasis en el área urbana de São Lourenço da Mata, población del nordeste de Brasil. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio transversal en 1988 para evaluar la prevalencia de esquistosomiasis en personas de 10 a 25 años de edad en São Lourenço da Mata y valorar las características socioeconómicas de los núcleos familiares de esas personas. Se evaluó la agregación de esos núcleos familiares. Los datos obtenidos se analizaron tanto en el nivel familiar como en el individual. En el nivel familiar se calcularon las razones de posibilidades de la asociación de la enfermedad con las variables socioeconómicas relacionadas con el jefe de la familia o con el núcleo familiar. En el nivel individual se investigó si había diferencias en cuanto a la intensidad de la infección (número promedio de huevos) según los diferentes niveles de las variables socioeconómicas de las personas infectadas. RESULTADOS: Se encontró un grado significativo de agregación de los núcleos familiares de las personas con esquistosomiasis (tomando en cuenta el sexo y la zona de residencia, es decir, vecindarios con condiciones socioeconómicas similares, de acuerdo con los datos censales). Según el análisis en el nivel familiar, una mejoría en los indicadores socioeconómicos relacionados con la posición en el proceso productivo (ocupación, sector económico y posición en la producción del jefe del núcleo familiar, más el ingreso familiar) y una mejoría en los indicadores socioeconómicos relacionados con los patrones de consumo (nivel de educación del jefe de la familia, tipo de vivienda, bienes que posee el núcleo familiar, suministro de agua en el hogar, instalaciones sanitarias para la eliminación de excrementos y acceso de la familia a la atención médica) se asociaban siempre con un menor riesgo de esquistosomiasis. El cálculo de la probabilidad de sufrir esquistosomiasis según los diferentes niveles de las variables socioeconómicas demostró un riesgo menor (0,072) para las personas cuyas familias se ubicaban en los niveles superiores (mejores) de acuerdo con estos indicadores en comparación con el riesgo (0,715) de las personas cuyos núcleos familiares se encontraban en el nivel más bajo según esos mismos indicadores. Las personas infectadas cuyo núcleo familiar tenía mejores condiciones socioeconómicas presentaron un menor número promedio de huevos en el organismo. CONCLUSIONES: Se debe estimular fuertemente la adopción de medidas de control que puedan tener efecto a largo plazo, tales como el mejoramiento del suministro de agua y de las instalaciones sanitarias. El efecto teórico encontrado de que la probabilidad de estar infectado disminuye cuando mejoran el suministro de agua y los servicios sanitarios subraya la importancia de estas medidas. Su implementación podría tener efectos más duraderos sobre el control de la esquistosomiasis y generar otros beneficios para la población.

Um estudo de caso-controle de base populacional foi desenvolvido para estudar a associação entre migração, urbanização e esquistossomose na Região Metropolitana do Recife, Nordeste do Brasil. Foram selecionados 1022 casos e 994 controles no grupo etário de 10 a 25 anos. Observou-se que os nativos e os migrantes que são provenientes de áreas endêmicas tem um risco semelhante de infecção. Por outro lado, o risco de infecção em migrantes não originários de áreas endêmicas parece estar relacionado com o tempo decorrido desde sua chegada em São Lourenço da Mata; aqueles que estão morando nessa área urbana por um período igual ou superior a cinco anos tem um risco de infeção semelhante ao dos nativos. As mudanças na indústria agro-açucareira na Zona da Mata e a expansão das áreas de criação de gado no Agreste impeliram os trabalhadores rurais a se deslocar para vilarejos e cidades. O padrão de urbanização que ocorreu em São Loureço da Mata criou as condições propícias para que se estabelecessem focos de transmissão.

A population-based case-control design was used to investigate the association between migration, urbanisation and schistosomiasis in the Metropolitan Region of Recife, Northeast of Brazil. 1022 cases and 994 controls, aged 10 to 25, were selected. The natives and the migrants who come from endemic areas have a similar risk of infection. On the other hand, the risk of infection of migrants from nonendemic areas seems to be related with the time elapsed since their arrival in São Lourenço da Mata; those who have been living in that urban area for 5 or more years have a risk of infection similar to that of the natives. Those arriving in the metropolitan region of Recife mostly emigrate from "zona da mata" and "zona do agreste" in the state of Pernambuco. Due to the changes in the sugar agro-industry and to the increase in the area used for cattle grazing these workers were driven to villages and cities. The pattern of urbanisation created the conditions for the establishment of foci of transmission in São Lourenço da Mata.